Ethnography, cultural and social anthropology escholarship. The data presented in this book support the thesis that anthropology, in its socio cultural guise, originated as ethnography and ethnology in the work of. Ethnography and critical ethnography in particular adopts a complex theoretical orientation toward culture. Conversely, ethnography which is strictly linked to ethnology focuses on the analysis of rituals, traditions and ceremonies within the context of smaller social groups, like tribes and clans. As such, ethnography is the core method of cultural anthropology. An older term with partially overlapping meaning is ethnology, but this is now. The distinction between ethnography and ethnology and other. In this chapter, sibeud follows the editors aim for the volumes contributing authors to move beyond questions of individual or epistemological complicity in.
Given the intrusive nature of ethnography and anthropology in peoples lives there must be good. Increasingly, however, the distinction between the two is coming. The differences between phenomenological and ethnographic research are numerous. Anthropology is not ethnography tim ingold fellow of the academy acceptable generalisation and unacceptable history the objective of anthropology, i believe, is to seek a generous, comparative but nevertheless critical understanding of human being and knowing in the one world we all inhabit. Ethnography is often referred to as culture writing, and it refers to a type of.
They are the two minor branches of anthropology or the study of the history of man. While anthropology aims at achieving a holistic understand of mans history and evolution, ethnography focuses on smaller scale analysis. Ethnography has become a term so overused, both in anthropology and in contingent disciplines, that it has lost much of its meaning. To gain a better understanding of what cultural anthropology is, one must understand ethnography and ethnology. Usually, the way of thinking and acting vary from one person to another as well as from one culture to another culture. The ethnographic approach can be used to identify and attempt to explain cross cultural variation in cultural elements such as marriage, religion, subsistence practices. Cultural anthropology deals with all aspects of human culture from social to religious, to political, and beyond. The elusive bureau of colonial ethnography in france, 19071925. Ethnography and ethnology are two smaller branches of anthropology and focus on slightly different aspects of the life and. Ethnology deals with the origins and characteristics of individual ethnic groups with a focus on factors influencing cultural growth and change. December 19, 2017, giulia squadrin, leave a comment. Oct 22, 2012 ethnography began as a study to learn about human nature, social affiliation, and the conduct of daily life mariampolski, 2006.
Anthropologists aim to describe and interpret aspects of the culture of various social groupse. Ethnography a research method that attempts to understand the beliefs, practices, and behaviors of the culture of study from the perspective of those living within the culture ethnology. Difference between anthropology and ethnography compare. Ethnology is concerned with taken common cultural elements of all the groups, notwithstanding pllaccortime. As the definitions discussed above indicate, a set of existing methods is already.
Examples how do you your view of 911 differs compared to someone 10 years older than you. But i was looking for the differences between ethnographic museums and ethnological museums or museums of ethnology. It will be of interest to academics and students across the social sciences but is particularly directed towards novice researchers. The methods of ethnology is among the two most taught and anthologized essay by franz boas, the founder of american anthropology, and i include it here to give you a sense of who boas was and what he thought. Qualitative research critical ethnography guidelines. Ethnography and ethnology are related disciplines within the field of cultural anthropology. Phenomenological research seeks to understand the subjective, lived experiences and perspectives of participants. Ethnography was popularised by anthropology, but is used across a wide range of social sciences. Moreover, participant observation is an anthropological way of working, not a method of ethnographic data collection.
For hammersley, the problem of relevance brings into focus the relationship between contemporary ethnography and other forms of social practice. Critical ethnography theory and method critical ethnography is conventional ethnography with a political purpose. This kind of research is individualistic and provides the researcher with information regarding a persons unique experience. Cultural anthropology ethnography vs ethnology cultural anthropology is the scientific study of cultures and how they are different or similar from each other all around the world.
Ethnography is a methodology within the general discipline of anthropology the study of the human. Afer completng your observatons, you will write an ethnographic report that includes an ethnology crosscultural comparison. Ethnology is the comparative study of two or more cultures. Ethnography from greek word ethnos folkpeople and grapho to write is a qualitative research method aimed to learn and understand cultural phenomena which reflect the knowledge and system of meanings guiding the life of a cultural group agar 1996. Ethnography principles in practice jyvaskylan yliopisto. Research ethics in ethnographyanthropology european. For example, goodenough in his 1964a discussion uses this linguistic model to explicate the distinction between ethnography and comparative studies. There has been some confusion regarding the terms ethnography and ethnology. Ethnography is a kind of social research and the product of this kind of research.
Difference between ethnography and ethnology compare the. Ethnography is a field of anthropological research based on direct observation of and reporting on a peoples way of life. To gain a better understanding of what cultural anthropology is. Ethnography, a primary method used in the discipline of anthropology, is a systematic approach to understanding the beliefs, rituals, patterns, and institutions that define a culture. Ethnographic subjects are usually cultural groups, such as communities. While we have seen some use of qualitative research within healthcare and medical education, it is underrepresented compared to its quantitative counterpart. Ethnography developed internally to ethnology, a discipline which in the first half of the nineteenth century split from traditional anthropology, which was then dominated by physical and. Compared to ethnography, the study of single groups through direct contact with the culture. Contemporary ethnography is based almost entirely on fieldwork and requires the complete immersion of the anthropologist in the culture and everyday life of the people who are the subject of the study. Mar 25, 2012 the differences between phenomenological and ethnographic research are numerous. Ethnography generic, no an or the article is the academic art of collecting cultural data about particular cultures, generally through the process of fieldwork, which to an anthropologist usually means living with, or among, the members of.
Arising here is a direct challenge to positivist ethnography where questions about the relationship between facts and values, and between researchers and practitioners hammersley, 1992, p. From academia to intervention book is not to argue for a single model of sensory ethnography. The latter, a term more widely used in europe, encompasses the analytical and comparative study of cultures in general, which in american usage is the academic field known as cultural anthropology in british usage, social anthropology. The distinction between ethnography and ethnology and. Philosophical ethnography, as i am using the term, is a methodological hybrid that uses in terviews and observations to identify normative issues, to map out the meaning systems rules, common intra cultural understandings, shared aims, etc in which they are imbedded, and, where. The ancients wrote love stories, recorded histories of military campaigns, produced treatises on flora and fauna, medical texts, and philosophical discourses, and recounted oral histories of countless domains of. Since cultural phenomena can seldom be studied under conditions of experiment or control, comparative data from the total range of human behavior helps the ethnologist to avoid those assumptions about human nature that may be implicit in the. Within the field of usability, usercentred design and service design, ethnography is used to support a designers deeper understanding of the design problem including the relevant domain, audiences, processes, goals and contexts of use. The difference as you describe it is also implicit in the names of these disciplines. Anthropology contra ethnography the university of aberdeen. Ethnology is a branch within cultural anthropology. A foreshadowing research problem pertaining to my area of interest could be. Despite this affinity, there are some differences between the two disciplines.
Groups are typically studied in ethnography but individuals have been studied as well. Vermeulen, early history of ethnography and ethnology in. The pivotal question of twentieth century ethnography is the product of the foregoing epistemic and metaphysical issues. Ethnography and culture debate between those who wanted to treat culture as something sui generis and those who wanted to treat it as a collection of individuals. Ethnology utilizes the data taken from ethnographic research and applies it to a single cross cultural topic. Of these qualitative approaches, ethnography is a method quite amenable to medicine, and the application of ethnography to healthcare is widely supported.
Open library is an initiative of the internet archive, a 501c3 nonprofit, building a digital library of internet sites and other cultural artifacts in digital form. Both, ethnography and ethnology, are natural sciences. In the present, wholly uncontroversial article i shall first define the aims of cultural anthropology as i understand them and shall then inquire intq the relations of. Participant observationis a technique of field research used in anthropology by which.
Ethnology difference between ethnography and ethnology. Instead, we see that researchers are cutting new paths to reinscribing critique in ethnography. What is the difference between ethnography and ethnology. What is the impact of african american lesbians intersecting minority identities on their decision to come out. We demonstrate how online spaces influence everyday social life, and then discuss multisited ethnography and the process of adopting innovative ideas, such as including digital data collection, as an ethnographic tool. Journal of contemporary ethnography ethnographic research. An overview of ethnography in healthcare and medical.
So, an anthropologist who decides to spend an entire career on an indepth study of a tribal group in the amazon rain forest is, in effect, narrowing. The difference between ethnology and social anthropology essay. Boas is famous for doing ethnography, not talking about it. Gitlin phd, in introduction to research fifth edition, 2016. It is a means to represent graphically and in writing the culture of a group. What is the difference between ethnology and ethnography. This was the war between ethnology and anthropology. The terms ethnography and ethnology refer to two natural sciences disciplines that focus on the study of the history of man. A methodological adaptation for social research in emerging contexts. There is a recursive relationship between the formal and informal organizational structure and rules in which its formal character is seen to be the result of the ad hoc negotiation processes and practical reasoning of its workers. Rather, i understand sensory ethnography as a developing field of practice. Jim thomas, doing critical ethnography1993 we should not choose between critical theory and ethnography. I argue that to attribute ethnographicness to encounters with those among whom we carry on our research, or more generally to fieldwork, is to undermine both the ontological commitment and the educational purpose of anthropology as a discipline.
It will be of interest to academics and students across the social sciences but is particularly directed towards. The difference between ethnology and social anthropology. In particular, a form of ethnography known as focused. As with any science, the ethnography of communication has two foci. Culturein collectives of differing magnitude, whether educational institutions, student communities, classrooms, or activity groupsis treated as heterogeneous, conflictual, negotiated, and evolving, as distinct from unified. Cultural anthropology ethnography vs ethnology alexsablan. Organize your ethnography using the following subheadings. Ethnography, descriptive study of a particular human society or the process of making such a study. The methods of ethnology by franz boas, edited and with an.
Introducton, methodology, data presentaton and analysis, ethnology, conclusion. Holstein o nce upon a time, stories were told and written for what they were about. Doing sensory ethnography 1 situating sensory ethnography. Phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory prezi. Ethnography is one of the oldest qualitative methods, yet increasingly, researchers from various disciplines are using and adapting ethnography beyond its original intents. The similarity or close relationship between ethnology and social anthropology is simple.
The difference between ethnology and anthropology is. It is designed to explore cultural phenomena where the researcher observes society from the point of view of the subject of the study. Ethnography and ethnology show differences between them when it comes to their subject matter. The main difference between ethnography and ethnology is that the ethnography is a qualitative research design aimed at exploring cultural phenomena and ethnology is a social science that deals with ethnies peoples. Phenomenological research seeks to understand the subjective, lived experiences. Ethnography deals with the procedures carried out in any society. Ethnography can be briefly defined as the systematic study of people and cultures. Thus, the distinction between ethnography and ethnology in terms of this discourse is frequently phrased as an eticemic distinction see pike 1954 for its original use. It was pioneered in the field of sociocultural anthropology but has also become a popular method in. Ethnographic subjects are usually cultural groups, such as communities, tribes, or dialect groups. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Dec 19, 2017 difference between ethnography and ethnology. In your groups, come up with a grounded theory using the information we shared about september 11, 2001 three types of stages of data analysis types data collection, analysis, and report. Ethnology is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the characteristics of.
Principles in practice as will become clear later, for us ethnography or participant observation, a cognate term is simply one social research, methqd, albeit a somewhat unusual one, dratwion a wick range of sources of information. Ethnography is a form of qualitative research that is subjectcentered and a way to understand subjects on their own terms. Finally, the article assesses the engagement between ethnography and critical urban theory and argues in favour of grounding the latter better in the analysis of actual practices and. Classic ethnography was conducted by etic researchers in previously unexplored. In contextanthropologylangen terms the difference between ethnography and ethnology is that ethnography is anthropology the branch of anthropology that scientifically describes specific human cultures and societies while ethnology is anthropology the branch of anthropology that studies and compares. Cultural anthropology is the scientific study of cultures and how they are different or similar from each other all around the world. Ethnography is a result of ethnology that is another sociological study in which we try to understand the various reasons for why and how people in the past and the present differ from each other. Classic ethnography was conducted by etic researchers in previously unexplored remote geographies of the globe with the aim of using knowledge of isolated.
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